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It is a cliche—which is not to say that it is untrue— that the modern chapter in the Western history of the self is the story of the emergence of the autonomous individual, with his/her rights and desires, as both ultimate truth...
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It is a cliche—which is not to say that it is untrue— that the modern chapter in the Western history of the self is the story of the emergence of the autonomous individual, with his/her rights and desires, as both ultimate truth and value. Both religious and secular can agree on this, however differently they may find the value of the individual. But on the question of what exactly the individual self "is" there is less consensus. Furthermore, the issues involved have changed over time; the definition of the modern self has its own history.
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The individual self comprise unique attributes, the relational self comprises partner-shared attributes, and the collective self comprises ingroup-shared attributes. All selves are fundamental components of the self-concept, with ...
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The individual self comprise unique attributes, the relational self comprises partner-shared attributes, and the collective self comprises ingroup-shared attributes. All selves are fundamental components of the self-concept, with each being important and meaningful to human experience and with each being associated with health benefits. Are the selves, however, equally important and meaningful? We review a program of research that tested four competing theoretical views suggesting that the motivational hub of human experience is (a) the individual self, (b) the relational self, (b) the collective self, or (c) determined by contextual or cultural factors. The research furnished support to the view that the individual self is the primary form of self-definition. We discuss alternative explanations and implications. We end with the introduction of a theoretical model, the boomerang model, that has the potential to integrate the diverse literature on the topic.
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Cross-cultural studies have shown that personality traits are less central and social identities are more important to the selfhood of collectivistic people. However, most cultural neuroscience studies using the self-reference eff...
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Cross-cultural studies have shown that personality traits are less central and social identities are more important to the selfhood of collectivistic people. However, most cultural neuroscience studies using the self-reference effect (SRE) paradigm have only used personality traits to explore cultural differences in the neural circuits of self-referential processes. In the present study, we used both personality traits and social identities as stimuli in the SRE paradigm and investigated whether and how one's cultural orientation (i.e., individualism vs. collectivism) affects the SRE in the brain. The results showed that the medial prefrontal cortex, anterior cingulate, bilateral temporoparietal regions, and precuneus were involved in self-representation for both personality traits and social identities. Importantly, cultural orientation predicted differential activation patterns in these regions. Collectivists showed stronger activation in the left temporoparietal regions than individualists, who mainly recruited the medial prefrontal regions. Our findings suggest that the personal and social self share common neural substrates, the activation of which can be modulated by one's cultural orientation.
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Purpose - The purpose of this study is to highlight the role of individual and training design factors on training transfer. Design/methodology/approach - A review of the literature is conducted, and this review highlights a dual ...
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Purpose - The purpose of this study is to highlight the role of individual and training design factors on training transfer. Design/methodology/approach - A review of the literature is conducted, and this review highlights a dual role of perceived content validity in the form of increasing self-efficacy and the role of trainees' reaction. The study suggests that transfer design factors improve performance self-efficacy and reaction measures work as a bridge between content validity and transfer motivation. In addition, the role of transfer design in training transfer theory is explained. Findings - A combination of variables is proposed, suggesting further investigation to build a strong training transfer theory. The study highlights the dual role of perceived content validity as a factor to develop positive trainee reaction and increase trainee performance self-efficacy. Furthermore, the study proposes that transfer design and perceived content validity increase trainee performance self-efficacy, which leads to maximizing training transfer through transfer motivation. The study also explains that perceived content validity influences transfer motivation through trainee reaction, and proposes a framework coupled with future research directions. Research limitations/implications - The suggested framework provides a theoretical basis for researchers to build a strong training transfer theory. This conceptual paper elaborates the role of perceived content validity, transfer design, reaction, performance self-efficacy and transfer motivation to substantiate training transfer theory. Future researchers should test the proposed framework empirically and highlight other factors that could increase the efficacy and motivation levels of trainees in order to maximize training transfer. Practical implications - Transfer design factors in this paper provide practical implications for training transfer in general and training professionals in particular. Thus, training transfer is maximized through positive trainee reaction, which is an important facet of training. Another factor, i.e. perceived content validity, not only develops positive reaction but also increases the efficacy level of trainees. Therefore, in order to increase the performance self-efficacy and motivation level of trainees, training professionals should focus on the content and transfer design factors to maximize training transfer. Originality/value - This conceptual paper contributes to the existing training transfer literature by suggesting a combination of variables that provides a theoretical basis for building a strong training transfer theory.
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The interplay of culture and self has been one of the most active areas of research in self and identity. It has provided a number of theoretical concepts and research methodologies that have advanced the psychological understandi...
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The interplay of culture and self has been one of the most active areas of research in self and identity. It has provided a number of theoretical concepts and research methodologies that have advanced the psychological understanding about self processes. This paper provides a concise review of the field’s underlying assumptions, and points to its contemporary issues and future directions. In particular, we begin by reviewing the work of Triandis Psychological Review, 96, 506–520, (1989) and Markus and Kitayama Psychological Review, 98, 224–253, (1991), point to questions about the content and process surrounding culture and self, and end with a description of a new research program that expands on the current culture and self literature by posing a broader question of the cultural conception of what it means to be human and the interplay between humanness conception and self conception.
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Spirituality, because of its reach into the deeper depths of emotions, has intense impact on one's aspirations and thought process. Spiritual attitude trains us to live harmoniously with our environment and to meet the challenges ...
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Spirituality, because of its reach into the deeper depths of emotions, has intense impact on one's aspirations and thought process. Spiritual attitude trains us to live harmoniously with our environment and to meet the challenges of life, at personal, familial, professional and social levels. It thus elevates clarity and focus of mind and sharpens its incisive intellectual potentials. Harmony and peace, both collective and individual, depend on rock-solid, healthy and strong relationships. The wisdom of Vedanta offers useful insights into the subject of Inter-Personal Relationships and has made a significant contribution in this field Swollen egotism and its asuric cohorts, afflicted with secular 'money-ism', breeds selfishness a-dvaita. Workplace ill-health is then inevitable. So, one should try to control the shrinking egotism by developing the daivik (noble) companions and moving towards the divinity of man, which alone can resolve the conflict.
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Purpose - The aim of this paper is to develop a tool measuring individual intellectual capital (IIC) and investigate the relationship between self-reflection and IIC.
摘要 :
This study investigated changes in the tripartite self-concept in a sample of pre-, early-, mid-, and late-adolescents. Participants provided self-descriptions under conditions that primed either a personal or social context. As e...
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This study investigated changes in the tripartite self-concept in a sample of pre-, early-, mid-, and late-adolescents. Participants provided self-descriptions under conditions that primed either a personal or social context. As expected, adolescents showed fluctuating use of the individual, relational, and collective levels of self. The collective and individual self became more prominent, particularly in later adolescence, while the relational self became less prominent. The individual self became more socially oriented through adolescence, and the relational self shifted focus from the family context in pre-adolescence to the peer context in early adolescence. Implications for theory on self-concept change and on adolescent identity are presented, and highlight the need for further research on the development of social identity in adolescence.
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Purpose - Theory suggests that highly emotionally intelligent individuals are likely to experience
psychological wellbeing at a higher level than individuals who are low in emotional intelligence. This
study aims to examine the ...
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Purpose - Theory suggests that highly emotionally intelligent individuals are likely to experience
psychological wellbeing at a higher level than individuals who are low in emotional intelligence. This
study aims to examine the relationship between emotional intelligence and four aspects of
psychological wellbeing (self-acceptance, life satisfaction, somatic complaints and self-esteem).
Design/methodology/approach - Data were collected from employees through two different
structured surveys administered at two points in time.
Findings - The results of four hierarchical regression models provide, in general, support for the
positive association between emotional intelligence and psychological wellbeing components -
self-esteem, life satisfaction, and self-acceptance. Only marginal significant support was found for the
negative relationship between emotional intelligence and somatic complaints.
Originality/value - The present study contributes to a growing body of literature seeking to
determine the role of emotional intelligence in explaining individuals' wellbeing at work. In addition,
the study indicates that employees who experience a psychological state of wellbeing may function
better than employees who experience emotional deficit.
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In Alzheimer's disease, we witness a psychological death of the self before physical death. The unraveling of the self that occurs in Alzheimer's disease is a classic underworld journey, through which the deceased undergo a disman...
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In Alzheimer's disease, we witness a psychological death of the self before physical death. The unraveling of the self that occurs in Alzheimer's disease is a classic underworld journey, through which the deceased undergo a dismantling of memory and temporal identity to become shades of the Underworld. Through stories of family members living with dementia in a loved one, Alzheimer's disease reveals a descent into an irrational, symbolic, and timeless otherworld. This unique dying process provides insight into a degeneration and death of self and identity that is always occurring in the undergrowth of individuation. Individuation, as explicated through Greek eschatology, has two aspects: a general, phylogenetic Homeric process, and an ontogenetic Orphic process characterized by intentional participation in one's own evolution of consciousness. Analyses of an archetypal death, a symbolic birth, and the self that remains as temporal identity is deconstructed through dementia conclude the article.
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